甲型H1N1流感快速诊断关键设备在西安批量生产[新品推荐]

【字体: 时间:2009年05月06日 来源:西安天隆

编辑推荐:

  Real time PCR核酸检测方法已成为传染病快速诊断的良好平台和技术标准,其快速、特异、敏感以及抗生物污染等优良特性在我国SARS、禽流感和乳品检测实战中得到了充分的体现。本次全球性甲型H1N1 流感事件中,类似于美国CDC,中国卫生部在《猪流感(H1N1)病例标本采集和实验室检测指南(暂行)》中将Real-time RT RCR作为唯一的推荐检测方法。Real-time RCR技术实现所依赖的关键设备是实时荧光定量PCR仪,它技术含量高,主要依赖进口。西安天隆科技有限公司在国家“十一五”863重点项目和省市其他科技计划的支持下,成功研制出我国第一台完全具有自主知识产权的实时荧光定量PCR仪,获得了国家药监局医疗器械注册证并实现了年产2300台规模化生产能力,作为陕西省生命科学检测仪器工程技术研究中心和国家发改委批准的国家唯一“实时荧光定量PCR智能化诊断系统”高技术产业化示范项目,一方面其产品与ABI、罗氏等知名品牌在市场上公平竞争,为国家医疗、疾控、食品安全、生物学医学研究发挥作用,在乳品检测行业,其市场占有率超过国内外任何一家实时定量PCR仪生产商,天隆牌TL988型实时荧光定量PCR仪已成为国产品牌并已走向世界。另一方面甲型H1N1流感事件中,天隆团队利用其实力和责任感,国内第一家全文翻译了美国CDC“针对人感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例、疑似病例和紧密接触者进行治疗和预防的临时指南”,公诸网络,并于4月30日发表了《实时荧光定量PCR在人感染猪流感诊断中的作用》学术文章。

1、学术论文:《实时荧光定量PCR在人感染猪流感诊断中的作用》;
2、甲型H1N1流感快速诊断关键设备在西安批量生产;
3、美国CDC 2009年4月28日发布针对人感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例、疑似病例和紧密接触者进行治疗和预防的临时指南(译文及原文);

相关媒体报道
1、甲型H1N1流感快速诊断关键设备在西安批量生产
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实时荧光定量PCR在人感染猪流感诊断中的作用
彭年才12  张镇西1  兰邹然3  黄兵3  李红东2  李明2   苗保刚2
1西安交通大学生物医学分析技术与仪器研究所 2西安天隆科技有限公司 3山东省动物疾病预防与控制中心
2009年4月30日

摘要:病原检测方法及仪器是人感染猪流感防控的关键环节,针对实时荧光定量PCR分子诊断核酸检测技术的先进性以及国产试剂和仪器的成熟性,本文分析了该技术在以往禽流感检测被采用的国家标准以及使用的广泛性,最后介绍了最新发布的美国CDC《针对人感染猪流感病毒治疗和预防的临时指南》和我国卫生部《人感染猪流感预防控制技术指南(试行)》,两部法规都将实时荧光定量PCR确定为人感染猪流感实验室检测的确诊方法。从以上情况可以获知:实时荧光定量PCR技术在人感染猪流感诊断中具有先进、快速、成熟、合法的特点,是一种法定的主流技术,将来实施中,国产化仪器和试剂都有保障。

关键词:人感染猪流感  猪流感诊断  快速检测  实时定量PCR  Real-time RT-PCR

   全球性的人感染猪流感公共卫生事件发展势头迅猛,发生国家众多,世界卫生组织29日晚已将全球流感大流行警告级别从4级提高到5级,我国也于28日召开了国务院常务会议对防控进行了部署。现在已进入关键的防控措施落实阶段,其中检测与诊断技术至关重要。

实时荧光定量PCR技术在以往禽流感诊断中的应用

   众所周知,虽然本次人感染猪流感事件的病毒基因序列还在进一步确立当中,但本次疫情病原学基础明确,属于RNA病毒感染性疾病。回顾近年来感染RNA病毒的烈性传染病,如SARS、禽流感,世界卫生组织及我国卫生行政和技术部门相继制定了较为成熟的实验室检测和诊断标准,其中我国颁布的应用实时荧光定量PCR方法进行实验室检测和快速诊断的标准如《GB/T 19438.1—2004禽流感病毒通用荧光RT—PCR检测方法》、《GB/T 19438.2—2004 H5亚型禽流感病毒荧光RT—PCR检测方法》、《GB/T 19438.3—2004 H7亚型禽流感病毒荧光RT—PCR检测方法》等,同时我们也注意到近年来国家针对食品安全尤其是乳品检测和食物致病菌检测的实时荧光定量PCR检测标准,如《SN/T 1632.3-2005 奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌检验方法:荧光PCR方法》和《SN/T 1870-2007 食品中致病菌检测方法:实时PCR法》。以上实时荧光定量PCR技术在禽流感及其它方面检测的国家标准是该技术在当前的人感染猪流感诊断中应用的基础和前提。

实时荧光定量PCR技术及在我国卫生应急中的应用要求 

  实时荧光定量PCR技术(Real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction简称Real Time PCR,如果用于RNA检测,这被称为逆转录实时PCR即Real-time RT-PCR)是实时PCR法,它是指对DNA或经过反转入(RT-PCR)的RNA通过聚合酶链式反应并实时监测DNA的放大过程,在扩增的指数增长期就测量扩增产物,因为扩增指数增长期测量值与特异DNA(RNA)起始量存在相关性,从而实现定量检测。Real Time PCR的基本目标是精确测量和鉴别非常微量的特异性核酸,从而可通过监测CT值而实现对原始目标基因的含量定量。目前被普遍使用的多种常规PCR方法如各种凝胶电泳PCR法,终点荧光定量法或PCR-ELISA法叫做终点PCR法。实时荧光定量PCR法最大的优点是克服了终点PCR法进入平台期或叫饱和期后定量的较大误差,实现DNA/RNA的精确定量。普通PCR技术发明于1983年,而实时荧光定量PCR技术发明于上世纪九十年代并于1996年生产出了世界上第一台实时荧光定量PCR仪,实时荧光定量PCR技术得以实现的技术要素主要有荧光定量PCR试剂盒和实时荧光定量PCR仪,我国荧光定量PCR试剂盒研发实力强大,生产厂家较多,临床诊断的品种如HBV/HCV及禽流感诊断试剂盒性能优良、供应充足,基本实现国产化。在猪流感病毒RNA核酸序列明确的情况下,利用现有的试剂研发平台,人感染猪流感实时荧光定量PCR诊断试剂盒很快就会面世。实时荧光定量PCR仪由于技术含量高,只有少数几家中国企业有能力生产如西安天隆科技有限公司生产的TL-988系列仪器不但取得了发明专利、国家科学技术奖、国家重点新产品证书、医疗器械注册证,而且被国家发改委确立为国家高技术产业化示范工程2008年生物医学工程专项,产品性能达到国际先进水平,在乳品检测行业市场占有率比进口仪器还高[1-3]。实时荧光定量PCR仪应用广泛,1999年开始,西方发达国家尝试将PCR应用于临床传染病诊断、食品安全检测以及血液筛查,目前已相当普及。2008年12月13日中国卫生部下发《卫生应急队伍装备参考目录》(卫办应急发[2008]207号),其中要求县级以上卫生应急队伍建设中必须配备PCR仪和实时荧光定量PCR仪作为传染病控制类装备。

实时荧光定量PCR技术在猪流感诊断中的作用已有法规确立

  在人感染猪流感病毒出现以前,针对猪与猪传染的传统猪流感疫情,近年来我国科技人员经过不懈努力,探索快速检测与诊断方法,发表了一系列应用实时荧光定量PCR检测的研究论文[4-5]。

  人感染猪流感疫情发生后,美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)于2009年4月28日发布了针对人感染猪流感病毒治疗和预防临时指南,西安天隆科技有限公司在第一时间将其翻译成中文版本[6]。其中规定了确诊病例的诊断方法:具有急性发烧呼吸道疾病的临床症状并且经实时荧光定量PCR (real-time RT-PCR)或病毒分离培养 (viral culture)实验室检测方法检验证实感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒。卫生部办公厅于4月30日印发了《人感染猪流感预防控制技术指南(试行)》的通知》[7],其中在实验室检测和病例诊断报告章节,内容如下:

检测程序
呼吸道标本应首先应用real time RT-PCR方法检测A型流感病毒的M基因、Swine( H1N1)的HA基因和NP基因,以及质控对照RNP基因。同时,接种MDCK细胞或SPF鸡胚进行病毒分离,并测定病毒的全基因组序列。

推荐检测方法
用Real-time RT-PCR方法检测猪流行性感冒( H1N1病毒)病毒。

其他检测方法 
快速流感抗原检测
病毒培养
免疫荧光法(或装配的IFA )

  显然,上述卫生部法规中,与“其他检测方法”不同,实时荧光定量PCR方法被法定为人感染猪流感诊断的推荐检测方法。

参考文献:
1. Nian-cai Peng(彭年才), Chun-lin Wang ,Li-li Zhang ,Miao-lin Lu ,Zhen-xi Zhang: Asymmetric PCR method in generation of HBV ssDNA for pyrosequencing, Academic Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University,VOL.21 No.1,Feb 2009,54-56
2. 彭年才,张镇西,李明:乳制品中阪崎肠杆菌的快速检测,食品安全导刊,08.7:96-100
3. 彭年才,苏明权,张镇西:乳品检测中实时荧光定量PCR仪的研制,中国乳品工业,200705:62-64
4. 段廷云,陈红英,崔保安等:实时荧光定量PCR检测H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,畜牧兽医学报,2008。39(6):752-756
5. 张春明,乔传玲,陈艳等,猪流感病毒M基因实时荧光定量PCR诊断方法的建立,中国预防兽医学报,2008。20(10):805-809
6. 美国CDC针对人感染猪流感病毒治疗和预防的临时指南(中英文全文)http://www.medtl.com/ckxw.asp?id=75
7.中国卫生部:人感染猪流感预防控制技术指南(试行)http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohwsyjbgs/s3577/200904/40319.htm

 

附:

美国国家疾病预防控制中心2009年4月28日发布——
针对人感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例、疑似病例和紧密接触者
进行治疗和预防的临时指南

说明:
1. 美国CDC网站公布时间2009年4月28日5时(北京时间28日17时);
2. 西安天隆科技有限公司检索到原文时间2009年4月28日21时;
3. 西安天隆科技有限公司在28日23时到29日5时完成翻译,因时间仓促,翻译难免有疏漏甚至错误,以英文原文为准;
4. 中(英)文全文请访问:http://www.medtl.com
5. 转载请注明出处并附以上说明。

以下是原文翻译:

目的:
针对人感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例、疑似病例以及紧密接触者进行抗病毒药物治疗和药物预防的临时指南。

感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的相关定义

确诊病例 – 具有急性发烧呼吸道疾病的临床症状并且经以下一个或多个实验室检测方法检验证实感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒
1、 实时荧光定量PCR  (real-time RT-PCR)
2、 病毒分离培养 (viral culture)
疑似病例 – 具有急性发烧呼吸道疾病的临床症状并且经检验结果如下:
 经流感RT-PCR检验对A型流感病毒呈阳性且对H1和H3呈阴性
 或者经流感快速检测对A型流感病毒呈阳性或者经流感免疫荧光化验达到标准的可疑病例
可疑病例 – 具有急性发烧呼吸道疾病的临床症状并且是由以下条件引发
 7日内与感染A(H1N1)型猪流感的确诊病例有紧密接触
 或者7日内到美国或者其它具有一例或更多感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒确诊病例的国家或地区旅游
 居住在具有一例或更多感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒确诊病例的国家或地区
传染期 – 感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例的传染期定义为症状发作之前1天到发作后7天
紧密接触 – 距离处于传染期的感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊病例或者可疑病例6英尺之内的人
急性发烧呼吸道疾病 – 最近至少有以下两种症状发作:鼻溢或鼻塞,咽喉痛,咳嗽(无论是否伴随发热或发烧)
高危人群 - A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒感染及并发症的高位人群与季节性流感高危人群的定义相同(详见MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008))
针对儿童的特别声明
阿司匹林或含有阿司匹林的产品(例如碱式水杨酸铋 - Pepto Bismol)不能给18岁或18岁以下的感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊或可疑病患使用,它们可能引发瑞氏综合症。为了缓解发热症状可以使用其它退热药物,推荐对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体类抗炎药物。

病毒抗药性
A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒对神经胺酸酶抑制剂类(扎那米韦zanamivir和奥司他韦oseltamivir)抗病毒药物敏感,对金刚烷类(金刚烷胺amantadine和 金刚乙胺rimantadine)抗病毒药物具有抗药性。

抗病毒治疗(针对确诊,疑似和可疑病例)
当对抗病毒药物敏感性测试的数据完成后,推荐使用的药物可能会变化。
对感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的确诊、疑似和可疑病例可以考虑使用经验性抗病毒药物。对到医院就医和高危发生流感并发症的患者应优先医治。在病状发作后应尽早采用扎那米韦或奥司他韦进行抗病毒药物治疗。在季节性流感的研究中证明:在疾病发作后48小时内进行治疗效果最佳。然而,对季节性流感的一些研究发现,即使在病人的疾病发作48小时后开始治疗也有明显的好处,包括减小死亡率或缩短入院治疗时间。推荐的治疗时间是五天。在对抗病毒药物敏感性和有效性的测试数据完成后,推荐使用的药物可能变化。对于感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的成年人、1岁或更大的儿童的抗病毒药物用量建议参见表1,这与季节性流感相同。最近美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准基于紧急使用授权(EUA)可以对小于1岁的儿童使用抗病毒药物奥司他韦,具体用量参见表2。

抗病毒药物预防
针对A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的抗病毒药物预防,推荐使用扎那米韦或奥司他韦,用量参见表1。暴露后抗病毒药物预防的持续时间为10天,在最后已知暴露在一例确诊感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的病人之后。奥司他韦也可以基于FDA紧急使用授权下用于药物预防,参见表3。

表1.  猪流感抗病毒药物治疗与预防的剂量参考

药物,人群

治疗

预防

奥司他韦(Oseltamivir)

成年人

每天两粒75mg胶囊,5

每天一粒75mg胶囊

儿童(年龄12月或更大)体重

15kg或更轻

每天60mg分两次服用

每天30mg

15-23kg

每天90mg分两次服用

每天30mg

24-30kg

每天120mg分两次服用

每天60mg

大于30kg

每天150mg分两次服用

每天75mg

扎那米韦(Zanamivir)

成年人

每次吸入2*5mg(共10mg),每天两次

每次吸入2*5mg(共10mg),每天一次

儿童

每次吸入2*5mg(共10mg),每天两次(7岁及以上)

每次吸入2*5mg(共10mg),每天一次(5岁及以上)

 

表2.  1岁以下儿童采用奥司他韦进行抗病毒药物治疗的剂量参考

年龄

5天推荐治疗剂量

小于3个月

12mg,每天两次

3-5个月

20mg,每天两次

6-11个月

25mg,每天两次

表3.  1岁以下儿童采用奥司他韦进行抗病毒药物预防的剂量参考

年龄

10天推荐预防剂量

小于3个月

不推荐

3-5个月

20mg,每天一次

6-11个月

25mg,每天一次


对下列人群,抗病毒药物预防(暴露前或暴露后)推荐使用奥司他韦或扎那米韦:
1、 与具有高危流感并发症的确诊、疑似或可疑患者有家庭紧密接触的人(例如:有特定慢性疾病的人,65岁及以上老人,5岁以下儿童和孕妇)
2、 与确诊、疑似或可疑患者有紧密接触(面对面)的学校儿童,流感并发症的高危人群(有特定慢性疾病的儿童)
3、 到墨西哥的旅游者,流感并发症的高危人群(例如:有特定慢性疾病的人,65岁及以上老人,5岁以下儿童和孕妇)
4、 与处于传染期的确诊、疑似或可疑的感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒患者紧密接触,并且未能正确采取个人保护装备的医疗机构工作人员或者公共医疗工作人员

对下列人群,暴露前抗病毒药物预防推荐使用奥司他韦或扎那米韦:
1、 流感并发症的高危医疗工作者(例如:有特定慢性疾病的人,65岁及以上老人,5岁以下儿童和孕妇),其工作的医疗机构中有确诊的感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒患者,或者照顾急性发烧呼吸道疾病病人的医疗工作者
2、 到墨西哥旅行的非高危人群,工作地有确诊的感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒患者的第一报道人或边界工作者

1岁以下儿童
1岁以下儿童是季节性人类流感并发症高危人群。人类感染H1N1猪流感病毒的特征仍在研究中,目前还不知道婴儿相对于年纪大的儿童和成年人来说,是否是与H1N1猪流感病毒相关并发症的更高位人群。对婴儿使用奥司他韦或扎那米韦的安全数据相对于1岁的儿童更少,而且奥司他韦不允许用于1岁以下儿童。现有数据来自使用奥司他韦治疗季节性流感,这些数据建议严重的副作用很少,最近美国传染病协会表示,对1岁以下儿童采用奥司他韦治疗季节性流感“对于年幼的人群,有限的安全有效地使用奥司他韦的回顾数据表明,目前没有证明有与年龄相关的药物毒性”。
因为婴儿对流感有很高的发病率和死亡率,所有对感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的婴儿使用奥司他韦可能会有疗效。
医护人员应该知道:由于安全数据和剂量的缺乏,当考虑使用奥司他韦治疗确诊感染A(H1N1)型猪流感病毒的危重婴儿时,用药后要谨慎监测其对婴儿的副作用。

孕妇
奥司他韦和扎那米韦对孕妇来说是C类药物,这说明还没有临床研究来评估这些药物对孕妇的安全性。因为这类抗流感病毒药物对孕妇和胎儿的效果未知,所以孕期中只有当药物对胎儿和孕妇潜在的好处大于潜在的危险时才能使用;需要参考药物制造商的说明。然而,在服用奥司他韦或扎那米韦的孕妇中没有报道说这些药物对孕妇或胎儿有副作用,所有怀孕不应成为使用奥司他韦或扎那米韦的禁忌。因为扎那米韦是吸入的药物,身体系统吸收的较少,所有如果对孕妇药用可行的话一些专家更倾向于扎那米韦。

副作用和禁忌
关于抗流感病毒药物的更多信息,包括禁忌和副作用,请参考:
 Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza: Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
 MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008
MMWR August 8, 2008 / 57(RR07);1-60
抗病毒药物的副作用参见美国FDA的报告。

 

美国CDC原文:
Interim Guidance on Antiviral Recommendations for Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection and Close Contacts
April 28, 2009 05:00 AM ET              Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,USA
Objective: To provide interim guidance on the use of antiviral agents for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. This includes patients with confirmed, probable or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection and their close contacts.
Case Definitions for Infection with Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus
A confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness with laboratory confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection at CDC by one or more of the following tests:
1. real-time RT-PCR
2. viral culture
A probable case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who is:
• positive for influenza A, but negative for H1 and H3 by influenza RT-PCR, or
• positive for influenza A by an influenza rapid test or an influenza immunofluorescence assay (IFA) plus meets criteria for a suspected case
A suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as a person with acute febrile respiratory illness with onset
• within 7 days of close contact with a person who is a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, or
• within 7 days of travel to community either within the United States or internationally where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza A(H1N1) cases, or
• resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza cases.
Infectious period for a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as 1 day prior to the case’s illness onset to 7 days after onset.
Close contact is defined as: within about 6 feet of an ill person who is a confirmed or suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case’s infectious period.
Acute respiratory illness is defined as recent onset of at least two of the following: rhinorrhea or nasal congestion, sore throat, cough (with or without fever or feverishness)
High-risk groups: A person who is at high-risk for complications of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as the same for seasonal influenza (see MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008).
Special Considerations for Children
Aspirin or aspirin-containing products (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate – Pepto Bismol) should not be administered to any confirmed or suspected ill case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection aged 18 years old and younger due to the risk of Reye syndrome. For relief of fever, other anti-pyretic medications are recommended such as acetaminophen or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Antiviral Resistance
This swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is sensitive (susceptible) to the neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral medications zanamivir and oseltamivir.  It is resistant to the adamantane antiviral medications, amantadine and rimantadine. 
Antiviral Treatment
Confirmed, Probable and Suspected Cases
Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral susceptibilities become available.
Empiric antiviral treatment should be considered for confirmed, probable or suspected cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Treatment of hospitalized patients and patients at higher risk for influenza complications should be prioritized.  Antiviral treatment with zanamivir or oseltamivir should be initiated as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. Evidence for benefits from treatment in studies of seasonal influenza is strongest when treatment is started within 48 hours of illness onset. However, some studies of treatment of seasonal influenza have indicated benefit, including reductions in mortality or duration of hospitalization even for patients whose treatment was started more than 48 hours after illness onset. Recommended duration of treatment is five days. Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral susceptibilities and effectiveness become available.  Antiviral doses recommended for treatment of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in adults or children 1 year of age or older are the same as those recommended for seasonal influenza (Table 1). Oseltamivir use for children < 1 year old was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), and dosing for these children is age-based (Table 2).
Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis
For antiviral chemoprophylaxis of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, either oseltamivir or zanamivir are recommended (Table 1). Duration of antiviral chemoprophylaxis post-exposure is 10 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. For pre-exposure protection, chemoprophylaxis should be given during the potential exposure period and continued for 10 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Oseltamivir can also be used for chemoprophylaxis under the EUA (Table 3).
Antiviral chemoprophylaxis (pre-exposure or post-exposure) with either oseltamivir or zanamivir is recommended for the following individuals:
1. Household close contacts who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women) of a confirmed, probable or suspected case.
2. School children who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (children with certain chronic medical conditions) who had close contact (face-to-face) with a confirmed, probable, or suspected case.
3. Travelers to Mexico who are at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women).
4. Health care workers or public health workers who were not using appropriate personal protective equipment during close contact with an ill confirmed, probable, or suspect case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case’s infectious period.
Pre-exposure antiviral chemoprophylaxis with either oseltamivir or zanamivir can be considered for the following:
1. Any health care worker who is at high-risk for complications of influenza (e.g., persons with certain chronic medical conditions, persons 65 or older, children younger than 5 years old, and pregnant women) who is working in an area of the healthcare facility that contains patients with confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases, or who is caring for patients with any acute febrile respiratory illness.
2. Non-high risk persons who are travelers to Mexico, first responders, or border workers who are working in areas with confirmed cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.
Table 1. Swine influenza antiviral medication dosing recommendations.
(Table extracted from IDSA guidelines for seasonal influenza .)
Agent, group Treatment Chemoprophylaxis
Oseltamivir
Adults 75‐mg capsule twice per day for 5 days 75‐mg capsule once per day
Children (age, 12 months or older), weight: 15 kg or less 60 mg per day divided into 2 doses 30 mg once per day
 15–23 kg 90 mg per day divided into 2 doses 30 mg once per day
 24–40 kg 120 mg per day divided into 2 doses 60 mg once per day
 >40 kg 150 mg per day divided into 2 doses 75 mg once per day
Zanamivir
Adults Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day
Children Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) twice per day (age, 7 years or older) Two 5‐mg inhalations (10 mg total) once per day (age, 5 years or older)
 
Children Under 1 Year of Age
Children under one year of age are at high risk for complications from seasonal human influenza virus infections. The characteristics of human infections with swine H1N1 viruses are still being studied, and it is not known whether infants are at higher risk for complications associated with swine H1N1 infection compared to older children and adults.  Limited safety data on the use of oseltamivir (or zanamivir) are available from children less than one year of age, and oseltamivir is not licensed for use in children less than 1 year of age.  Available data come from use of oseltamivir for treatment of seasonal influenza. These data suggest that severe adverse events are rare, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America recently noted, with regard to use of oseltamivir in children young than 1 year old with seasonal influenza, that "…limited retrospective data on the safety and efficacy of oseltamivir in this young age group have not demonstrated age-specific drug-attributable toxicities to date." (See IDSA guidelines for seasonal influenza .)
Because infants typically have high rates of morbidity and mortality from influenza, infants with swine influenza A (H1N1) influenza infections may benefit from treatment using oseltamivir.
Table 2. Dosing recommendations for antiviral treatment of children younger than 1 year using oseltamivir.
Age  Recommended treatment dose for 5 days
<3 months 12 mg twice daily
3-5 months 20 mg twice daily
6-11 months 25 mg twice daily

Table 3. Dosing recommendations for antiviral chemoprophylaxis of children younger than 1 year using oseltamivir.
Age  Recommended prophylaxis dose for 10 days
<3 months Not recommended unless situation judged
critical due to limited data on use in this age group
3-5 months 20 mg once daily
6-11 months 25 mg once daily
Healthcare providers should be aware of the lack of data on safety and dosing when considering oseltamivir use in a seriously ill young infant with confirmed swine H1N1 influenza or who has been exposed to a confirmed swine H1N1 case, and carefully monitor infants for adverse events when oseltamivir is used.
Pregnant Women
Oseltamivir and zanamivir are "Pregnancy Category C" medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications for pregnant women. Because of the unknown effects of influenza antiviral drugs on pregnant women and their fetuses, oseltamivir or zanamivir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the embryo or fetus; the manufacturers' package inserts should be consulted. However, no adverse effects have been reported among women who received oseltamivir or zanamivir during pregnancy or among infants born to women who have received oseltamivir or zanamivir, Pregnancy should not be considered a contraindication to oseltamivir or zanamivir use. Because zanamivir is an inhaled medication and has less systemic absorption, some experts prefer zanamivir over oseltamivir for use in pregnant women when feasible.
Adverse events and contraindications
For further information about influenza antiviral medications, including contraindications and adverse effects, please see the following:
• Antiviral Agents for Seasonal Influenza: Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
• MMWR: Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008
MMWR August 8, 2008 / 57(RR07);1-60
Adverse events from influenza antiviral medications should be reported through the U.S. FDA Medwatch website .

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