自动驾驶汽车道德困境中的公正性偏好研究：从“平等”到不偏不倚的决策规则

《Analysis》：Impartiality Preferences in Sacrificial Moral Dilemmas Involving Autonomous Vehicles

本文针对自动驾驶汽车(AV)在不可避免事故中的道德决策难题，批判了《道德机器实验》(MME)强制二选一的方法学缺陷。研究人员通过情景实验，首次将“平等”偏好概念化为“不偏不倚”(impartiality)，并验证了三种符合公正性的决策规则（随机选择、轮替、不作为）。研究发现76.14%参与者最倾向不作为规则，且公正性偏好强度随困境类型（性别/社会地位/年龄）显著差异（89.54%/73.53%/41.17%）。这项发表于《Analysis》的研究为AV道德算法设计提供了更精细的理论框架和实证依据。

　　

当自动驾驶汽车面临不可避免的死亡抉择时，应该优先保护谁？是年轻人还是老年人？医生还是流浪者？男性还是女性？这个看似科幻的场景正随着自动驾驶技术发展逐渐成为现实伦理难题。2018年引发全球关注的《道德机器实验》(Moral Machine Experiment)通过4000万次决策数据试图构建“通用机器伦理”，但其强制参与者在两种预设选项间二选一的方法论受到学界质疑——难道人们真正期待的是根据个体特征进行差别化抉择吗？

研究表明，多数人实际上渴望第三种选择：平等对待所有生命。然而“平等”这个概念本身就像迷雾中的灯塔，看似清晰却难以捉摸。是意味着随机抽签的运气平等？还是保持现状的不作为平等？抑或是轮替选择的程序平等？这项发表于《Analysis》期刊的研究通过哲学概念重构和严谨实验设计，揭开了道德困境偏好研究的新篇章。

研究人员首先进行了重要的概念澄清，指出“平等”在道德困境中容易引发歧义，转而提出哲学家伯纳德·格特(Bernard Gert)定义的“不偏不倚”(impartiality)概念——一种纯粹的否定性关系，要求决策时排除对个人特征的考量。但仅靠不偏不倚无法指导行动，必须结合具体的决策规则才能形成完整解决方案。为此团队设计了3（困境类型：年龄/社会地位/性别）×3（决策规则：不作为/随机/轮替）的被试内实验，通过9种情景系统检验人们对公正性决策的偏好模式。

关键技术方法包括：1）基于文献复现的MME式道德困境情景；2）采用SoSci和Prolific平台招募102名参与者（平均年龄37.11岁）；3）通过混合效应逻辑回归模型分析嵌套数据；4）预注册研究设计并公开数据代码。

研究结果揭示出三个关键发现：

公正性偏好普遍存在

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