在挪威进行的吸入性甲氧氟烷、鼻内芬太尼和静脉注射吗啡用于治疗院前急性疼痛的比较研究(PreMeFen):一项随机、非劣效性、三臂、三期试验
《The Lancet》:Comparison of inhalational methoxyflurane, intranasal fentanyl, and intravenous morphine for treatment of prehospital acute pain in Norway (PreMeFen): a randomised, non-inferiority, three-arm, phase 3 trial
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时间:2025年11月25日
来源:The Lancet 88.5
编辑推荐:
急性疼痛管理在救护车环境中的非静脉镇痛方法研究,比较吸入甲氧氟烷、鼻喷芬太尼与静脉吗啡的效果。纳入338例患者,结果显示吸入甲氧氟烷在10分钟时疼痛数字评分(NRS)降幅(-3.31)非劣效于鼻喷芬太尼(-1.98)和静脉吗啡(-2.74)。两组治疗相关不良事件发生率相近(22-24%),甲氧氟烷组出现两例严重不良反应。研究表明非静脉镇痛方案甲氧氟烷可作为静脉吗啡的替代选择,尤其在静脉通道建立困难时。
这项研究旨在评估三种不同的镇痛方案在救护车环境中对急性疼痛的治疗效果,为急救人员提供更灵活、安全且有效的疼痛管理选择。研究的主要参与者是挪威Innlandet医院信托的地面救护车服务区域内的患者,年龄范围覆盖了18至69岁以及70岁以上的群体。这些患者经历了创伤性或非创伤性的急性疼痛,并且在数值评分量表(NRS)上评分为4或更高,表明他们正在经历中度到重度的疼痛。研究采用了随机、开放标签、非劣效性试验设计,将患者分为三组,分别接受吸入式甲氧氟烷、鼻内芬太尼和静脉注射吗啡的治疗。每组的剂量根据患者的年龄进行调整,确保治疗的安全性和有效性。
研究团队在研究过程中强调了疼痛管理在急救环境中的重要性。疼痛不仅影响患者的即时体验,还可能对他们的长期健康和恢复产生深远的影响。因此,确保在紧急情况下及时、有效地控制疼痛是至关重要的。然而,当前的急救疼痛管理存在一些挑战,尤其是在无法迅速建立静脉通路的情况下。传统上,静脉注射吗啡是急救中最常用的镇痛方法之一,但它的应用受限于静脉穿刺的成功率。有研究指出,静脉穿刺在成人中可能失败,比例在12%到26%之间,这可能导致镇痛效果不佳,进而影响患者的治疗体验和恢复过程。
为了克服这些限制,研究团队引入了两种非静脉的镇痛方法:吸入式甲氧氟烷和鼻内芬太尼。吸入式甲氧氟烷是一种非阿片类、挥发性麻醉剂,通常以低剂量吸入的方式使用,而鼻内芬太尼则是一种高效力的合成脂溶性阿片类药物,已经被批准用于癌症相关的突破性疼痛,并逐渐被引入到急救环境中的急性疼痛管理。这两种药物的使用可以避免静脉穿刺的困难,从而提高疼痛管理的效率和可及性。
研究结果显示,在治疗后10分钟内,吸入式甲氧氟烷在降低疼痛评分方面与鼻内芬太尼和静脉注射吗啡相比具有非劣效性。具体而言,吸入式甲氧氟烷的平均疼痛评分下降为-3.31,鼻内芬太尼为-1.98,静脉注射吗啡为-2.74。虽然静脉注射吗啡的镇痛效果略强于鼻内芬太尼,但吸入式甲氧氟烷在短期内的表现与静脉注射吗啡相当,且在安全性方面也表现出优势。在不良事件的发生率上,三组患者之间没有显著差异,这表明这些药物在紧急情况下使用时具有良好的安全性。值得注意的是,吸入式甲氧氟烷组中出现了两例严重的不良事件,包括呼吸抑制和意识丧失,但这些事件并未与药物使用直接相关,且没有导致死亡。
研究还指出,尽管吸入式甲氧氟烷在10分钟内的镇痛效果与静脉注射吗啡和鼻内芬太尼相当,但鼻内芬太尼在20分钟和30分钟时才显示出非劣效性。这表明,鼻内芬太尼可能需要更长的时间才能达到与静脉注射吗啡相同的镇痛效果,因此在紧急情况下可能不如吸入式甲氧氟烷那样迅速有效。然而,鼻内芬太尼的使用仍然具有一定的优势,特别是在某些特定情况下,例如当患者需要较长时间的镇痛时,或者当需要更精确地控制药物剂量时。
此外,研究团队强调了非静脉镇痛方法在急救环境中的潜在价值。这些方法不仅能够提高疼痛管理的可及性,还可能减少对静脉通路的依赖,从而提高急救人员的工作效率。特别是在偏远地区或复杂地形环境中,建立静脉通路可能面临更多挑战,而非静脉方法则能够更快速地为患者提供镇痛支持。因此,吸入式甲氧氟烷和鼻内芬太尼作为非静脉镇痛药物,可能在某些情况下成为静脉注射吗啡的有效替代品。
研究的结论对于改善急救:prehospital pain management具有重要意义。吸入式甲氧氟烷被证明在急性疼痛管理中表现出非劣效性,尤其是在需要快速镇痛的初期阶段。这为急救人员提供了一种新的选择,尤其是在无法立即建立静脉通路的情况下。同时,研究也指出,鼻内芬太尼虽然在短期内的效果不如静脉注射吗啡,但在更长的时间范围内可能具有相似的镇痛效果。因此,这两种非静脉镇痛方法可能在不同的治疗阶段和需求下发挥不同的作用。
总体而言,这项研究为急救环境中的疼痛管理提供了新的视角。它不仅验证了非静脉镇痛方法的有效性,还为临床实践中选择合适的镇痛方案提供了科学依据。通过比较吸入式甲氧氟烷、鼻内芬太尼和静脉注射吗啡的治疗效果,研究团队为急救人员和医疗决策者提供了重要的参考信息。这些结果有助于推动非静脉镇痛药物在急救领域的应用,提高疼痛管理的效率和安全性,同时也为未来的疼痛管理研究提供了方向。
在研究设计方面,PreMeFen试验采用了严格的随机化和非劣效性评估方法,确保了研究结果的可靠性和有效性。研究团队在研究过程中遵循了相关的伦理规范和临床试验标准,保证了患者的安全和数据的准确性。研究结果的发表也为未来的临床实践提供了支持,尤其是在需要快速镇痛的急救环境中。这些发现不仅有助于改善患者的治疗体验,还可能对提高整体急救质量产生积极影响。
此外,研究还关注了疼痛管理在不同环境和条件下的适用性。例如,在寒冷的天气或地形复杂的环境中,急救人员可能面临更多的挑战,而非静脉方法的使用可以缓解这些问题。吸入式甲氧氟烷作为一种快速起效的镇痛药物,特别适合在需要迅速缓解疼痛的情况下使用。相比之下,鼻内芬太尼虽然在短期内的效果不如静脉注射吗啡,但其快速起效的特点可能在某些特定情况下发挥重要作用。
研究团队还提到,尽管静脉注射吗啡在急性疼痛管理中具有较高的镇痛效果,但其应用受限于静脉通路的建立。因此,寻找更安全、更有效的非静脉镇痛方法成为当前研究的一个重要方向。吸入式甲氧氟烷和鼻内 near-venous methods, such as intranasal fentanyl and inhalational methoxyflurane, are increasingly being explored as viable alternatives. These methods not only simplify the administration process but also reduce the risk of complications associated with venous access.
The study's findings suggest that methoxyflurane is a promising non-intravenous option for acute pain management in prehospital settings. Its rapid onset of action makes it particularly suitable for situations where immediate pain relief is crucial, such as in trauma cases or during the initial stages of emergency care. Furthermore, the non-inferiority of methoxyflurane compared to both intranasal fentanyl and intravenous morphine indicates that it can be a valuable addition to the pain management toolkit for emergency medical services.
Intranasal fentanyl, although effective in the long term, may require a longer time to achieve the desired analgesic effect. This means that in scenarios where quick intervention is necessary, intranasal fentanyl might not be the best choice. However, its availability and ease of use make it a useful option for certain cases, especially when the patient's condition allows for a delayed response. The study's results highlight the importance of considering the time-to-effect when selecting a pain management strategy, as this can significantly impact the patient's experience and outcomes.
The safety profile of the three analgesic regimens is another critical aspect of the study. All three drugs were associated with a relatively low incidence of serious adverse events, which is reassuring for their use in prehospital settings. However, the occurrence of two serious adverse events in the methoxyflurane group underscores the need for careful monitoring and administration. These events, which included respiratory depression and loss of consciousness, were not directly linked to the drug itself but rather to the overall treatment process, suggesting that proper training and protocols can help mitigate such risks.
The implications of the study extend beyond the immediate clinical setting. By demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of non-intravenous analgesic options, the research contributes to the broader discussion on improving pain management in emergency care. It supports the idea that alternative routes of administration can play a significant role in enhancing the quality of care, especially in situations where traditional methods are not feasible or optimal. This is particularly relevant in the context of resource-limited settings or during mass casualty incidents where rapid and efficient pain management is essential.
The study also highlights the importance of continued research and development in the field of prehospital pain management. While the results of PreMeFen are encouraging, there is still a need for further investigation to understand the long-term effects and optimal dosing strategies for these non-intravenous options. Additionally, the study's focus on a specific population (patients aged 18–69 years and 70 years and older) suggests that future research should explore the effectiveness of these drugs in different age groups and under various clinical conditions to ensure their broad applicability.
In conclusion, the PreMeFen study provides important insights into the efficacy and safety of non-intravenous analgesic regimens for acute pain management in prehospital settings. It demonstrates that inhalational methoxyflurane is a viable alternative to intravenous morphine and intranasal fentanyl, offering a rapid and effective solution for immediate pain relief. The study also underscores the value of non-intravenous methods in improving the accessibility and efficiency of pain management, which is crucial in emergency care. These findings have the potential to influence clinical practice and policy, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and a more effective response to acute pain in the prehospital environment.
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