综述：环境中的轮胎碎屑：关于其存在、归趋以及检测和分析技术的最新进展的综述

《Soft Matter》：Tire crumb in the environment: a review on occurrence, fate and recent advances in detection and analysis

轮胎磨损颗粒（TWPs）作为新兴污染物，广泛分布于大气、水体和土壤中，其生成机制复杂，涉及物理磨损和化学老化。当前检测方法标准化不足，影响研究可比性。TWPs的添加剂和老化过程对环境和健康有潜在影响，需多学科合作和标准化方法以应对挑战。

　　
轮胎磨损颗粒（Tire Wear Particles, TWPs）作为新兴环境污染物，其理化特性、生成机制、环境行为及检测分析已成为全球环境科学领域的研究热点。本文系统梳理了TWPs的研究进展，重点分析了其在不同环境介质中的分布规律、迁移转化过程及检测难点，并提出了未来研究方向。以下从核心发现、研究挑战与未来方向三个维度进行解读。

### 一、核心发现与科学认知
1. **TWPs的组成与生成机制**
轮胎由多种材料复合而成，主要包括橡胶基体（50-60%）、填料（30-35%）、增塑剂（15-20%）及功能性添加剂（如抗氧化剂6PPD、硫化剂ZnO等）。其磨损过程分为机械研磨（产生大尺寸碎片）和疲劳断裂（生成纳米级颗粒），其中填料（如碳黑、二氧化硅）的应力集中效应会显著影响磨损产物的形态与分布。

2. **环境介质中的迁移规律**
- **大气环境**：TWPs通过轮胎-路面摩擦产生，其中0.1-10 μm的颗粒占比达70%，具有长大气寿命（5-28天）。研究显示，交通密集区PM10中约5-6%源自轮胎磨损，但仅占质量分数的0.1-0.3%，因数量浓度高而备受关注。
- **水环境**：暴雨径流可携带高达80%的TWPs进入水体，其悬浮能力取决于表面亲疏水性。纳米级颗粒（<1 μm）因布朗运动可长距离迁移，但检测难度大。
- **土壤系统**：TWPs通过干湿沉降和污泥施用进入土壤，在表层富集，并因疏水性和胶体稳定性影响微生物群落结构。研究发现，高交通区域土壤中TWPs浓度可达240 g/kg，显著改变土壤理化性质。

3. **环境转化与毒性机制**
老化过程（光降解、热氧化、微生物分解）导致TWPs表面裂解，释放出6PPD-醌（具有致癌性）、多环芳烃（PAHs）等添加剂。纳米颗粒（<100 nm）因其高比表面积（可达500 m2/g）成为主要毒性载体，通过吸附或内吞进入生物体，引发氧化应激和细胞损伤。

### 二、研究挑战与技术瓶颈
1. **检测技术的局限性**
- **识别难题**：TWPs与碳黑、燃烧颗粒等具有相似红外光谱特征，传统FTIR检测易出现误判。
- **尺寸覆盖不全**：现有方法难以有效捕获<1 μm超细颗粒（占总数的90%以上），而这类颗粒在肺泡沉积风险最高。
- **基质干扰**：复杂环境样本（如雨水径流、污泥）中TWPs占比极低（0.001-0.01%），常规过滤、离心等预处理易造成损失（15-40%）。

2. **标准化的缺失**
- **采样方法不统一**：空气采样中主动过滤（效率60-80%）与被动吸附（效率30-50%）的选择差异显著；土壤采样中网格尺寸（50-2000 μm）影响回收率。
- **定量方法冲突**：质量浓度（mg/L）与颗粒数量浓度（粒/L）的换算缺乏统一标准，导致不同研究数据不可比。
- **参考材料不足**：仅30%的研究使用标准参考物质，且未涵盖老化不同阶段的TWPs样本。

3. **环境转化的复杂性**
- **多相反应网络**：TWPs在老化过程中经历橡胶链断裂（产生酚类自由基）、添加剂迁移（如6PPD向6PPD-醌转化）及界面反应（如碳黑与土壤胶体的吸附竞争），形成超过200种可能污染物。
- **时空异质性**：实验室模拟显示，温度每升高10℃，TWPs氧化速率加快2-3倍；而实际环境中，城市热岛效应与工业区污染叠加，导致毒性效应非线性增强。

### 三、未来研究方向与技术突破
1. **检测技术革新**
- **多模态联用技术**：结合扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDX）的形态识别与热解气相色谱-质谱联用（TED-GC/MS）的化学溯源，可提升复杂基质中TWPs的检出率（预计提高5-8倍）。
- **微流控芯片开发**：针对<1 μm颗粒设计表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）探针，灵敏度可达10?12 g，适用于水体和空气样本的实时监测。
- **人工智能辅助分类**：训练深度学习模型（如ResNet-50）对TWPs进行自动识别，在混合微塑料样本中准确率达92%（当前人工分类仅75%）。

2. **环境行为模型优化**
- **多尺度模拟平台**：整合分子动力学（MD）模拟（模拟橡胶链断裂机制）与超分辨率透射电镜（HRTEM，分辨率<0.5 nm），建立TWPs从磨损到老化的全链条模型。
- **暴露风险评估框架**：开发基于生活场景的暴露模型（如骑行者呼吸区PM2.5通量计算），结合毒理数据（如OECD 443测试法）评估致癌风险。

3. **标准化体系建设**
- **国际参考物质库**：联合ISO/TC 234制定TWPs标准物质（涵盖新胎、磨损胎及不同老化阶段样本）。
- **检测协议手册**：建立从采样（如 road dust：真空吸附法，精度±5%）、前处理（密度分离法，回收率>85%）到分析的完整标准（参考NIST 8100系列）。

### 四、政策与实践启示
1. **轮胎材料革新**：研发自修复橡胶（如纳米胶囊化抗老化剂），目标将TWPs排放量降低50%（欧盟2030年标准）。
2. **智能监测网络**：在交通枢纽部署分布式传感器（如手持式FTIR光谱仪），实时监控PM2.5中TWPs占比。
3. **生命周期管理**：建立轮胎-道路-环境系统联动的碳足迹核算模型，推动循环经济政策落地。

当前研究已明确TWPs的广泛存在及其环境危害，但检测技术的局限性和转化机制的复杂性仍制约着风险管控。未来需通过跨学科技术融合（如AI+材料科学）和标准化体系建设，实现从实验室研究到环境治理的闭环突破。这一领域的发展不仅关乎微塑料污染治理，更是新型材料研发与公共健康管理的重要接口。

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