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吃得更多,体重减轻。为什么全食才是真正的减肥妙招
【字体: 大 中 小 】 时间:2025年08月08日 来源:赛特科技
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伦敦大学学院主导的一项研究发现,食用低加工食品的人减掉的体重几乎是普通人的两倍……
伦敦大学学院主导的一项研究发现,即使热量和营养成分相同,食用低加工食品的人减掉的体重几乎是食用超加工食品的人的两倍。
全食还能减少更多脂肪,并大幅降低每日卡路里摄入量。
低加工饮食使减肥效果加倍
伦敦大学学院 (UCL) 和伦敦大学学院医院 (UCLH) 的研究人员领导的一项新临床试验发现,与食用超加工食品相比,食用低加工食品的参与者减重效果显著。两种饮食的营养成分相同,但食用低加工食品的参与者减重几乎是超加工食品的两倍。结果表明,降低食品加工程度可能对保持健康体重具有长期益处。
该研究发表于《自然医学》杂志,是同类研究中首次在日常条件下直接比较超加工食品 (UPF) 和低加工食品 (MPF) 的研究。这也是迄今为止专门针对 UPF 饮食的最长的实验。[1]
交叉饮食研究设计:MPF 与 UPF
研究人员招募了55名成年人,并将他们分成两组。其中一组以为期八周的低加工食品饮食开始,包括隔夜燕麦和自制肉酱面等食物。经过四周的休息,参与者恢复了正常的饮食习惯,然后改为食用超加工食品,包括即食千层面和早餐燕麦棒等食物。第二组遵循相同的计划,但顺序相反。在55名参与者中,有50人完成了至少一个完整的饮食周期。
两项膳食计划均遵循英国政府的《健康饮食指南》(Eatwell Guide)设计,确保脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、纤维和关键营养素的均衡摄入。参与者被提供的食物量超过其所需,并被指示根据他们通常的食量进食。对他们的进食量没有任何限制。
MPF 带来更显著的脂肪减少和热量不足
两种饮食方案实施八周后,两组体重均有所下降,这可能是由于他们所摄入的食物的营养成分较正常饮食有所改善。然而,MPF饮食方案的减重效果(减重2.06%)高于UPF饮食方案(减重1.05%)2。
这些变化相当于MPF饮食每日估计热量缺口为290千卡(kcal),而UPF饮食每日热量缺口为120千卡。为了更好地理解这一变化,《Eatwell指南》建议女性每日能量摄入量为2000千卡,男性每日能量摄入量为2500千卡。
MPF饮食改善身体成分
MPF 饮食带来的更大减肥效果来自于脂肪量和全身水分的减少,而肌肉或无脂肪质量没有变化,这表明整体身体成分更健康。
研究结果表明,在遵循推荐的饮食指南的情况下,选择加工程度最低的食品可能更有利于减肥。
研究人员强调食品加工的影响
该研究的第一作者、伦敦大学学院肥胖研究中心和行为科学与健康系的塞缪尔·迪肯博士表示:“先前的研究已将超加工食品与不良健康结果联系起来。但并非所有超加工食品从其营养成分来看都是天生不健康的。这项试验的主要目的是填补我们在现有饮食指导中对食品加工作用及其如何影响体重、血压、身体成分等健康结果以及对食物渴望等体验性因素的认知方面的重大空白。”
试验的主要结果是评估体重的百分比变化,我们发现两种饮食都显著减轻了体重,但低加工饮食的效果几乎翻了一番。虽然2%的减重看起来可能不多,但这仅仅是八周时间的结果,而且是在没有人们主动减少摄入量的情况下。如果我们将这些结果扩大到一年,我们预计低加工饮食的男性体重会减轻13%,女性体重会减轻9%,但超加工饮食的男性体重只会减轻4%,女性体重只会减轻5%。随着时间的推移,这将开始产生巨大的变化。
MPF 显著减少食欲
参与者在开始节食前以及节食期间的第四周和第八周完成了几份问卷,以评估他们对食物的渴望3。
与 UPF 饮食相比,MPF 饮食在渴望次数和抵抗渴望的能力(渴望控制)方面有显著改善,尽管 MPF 饮食的减肥效果更显著(通常情况下这会导致更强烈的渴望)。
食用低加工食品可增强食欲控制
与 UPF 饮食相比,MPF 饮食的参与者报告称,整体渴望控制提高了两倍,对咸味食物的渴望控制提高了四倍,抵制最渴望的食物的能力提高了近两倍。
Professor Chris van Tulleken, an author of the study from UCL Division of Infection &Immunity and UCLH, said: “The global food system at the moment drives diet-related poor health and obesity, particularly because of the wide availability of cheap, unhealthy food. This study highlights the importance of ultra-processing in driving health outcomes in addition to the role of nutrients like fat, salt, and sugar. It underlines the need to shift the policy focus away from individual responsibility and onto the environmental drivers of obesity, such as the influence of multinational food companies in shaping unhealthy food environments.
Experts Call for Policy Shifts, Not Willpower
“Stakeholders across disciplines and organisations must work together and focus on wider policy actions that improve our food environment, such as warning labels, marketing restrictions, progressive taxation and subsidies, to ensure that healthy diets are affordable, available and desirable for all.”
The trial also measured secondary health markers, such as blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood markers such as liver function, glucose, cholesterol, and inflammation. Across these markers, there were no significant negative impacts of the UPF diet, with either no change, or a significant improvement from baseline.
No Major Health Marker Differences Yet
Generally, there weren’t significant differences in these markers between the diets, and the researchers caution that longer studies would be needed to investigate these measures properly in relation to the changes in weight and fat mass.
Professor Rachel Batterham, senior author of the study from the UCL Centre for Obesity Research, said: “Despite being widely promoted, less than 1% of the UK population follows all of the recommendations in the Eatwell Guide, and most people stick to fewer than half.
Final Advice: Choose Whole Foods and Cook Fresh
“The normal diets of the trial participants tended to be outside national nutritional guidelines and included an above-average proportion of UPF, which may help to explain why switching to a trial diet consisting entirely of UPF, but that was nutritionally balanced, resulted in neutral or slightly favourable changes to some secondary health markers.
“The best advice to people would be to stick as closely to nutritional guidelines as they can by moderating overall energy intake, limiting intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fat, and prioritising high-fibre foods such as fruits, vegetables, pulses, and nuts. Choosing less processed options such as whole foods and cooking from scratch, rather than ultra-processed, packaged foods or ready meals, is likely to offer additional benefits in terms of body weight, body composition, and overall health.”
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