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奥里萨邦女性乳腺癌认知、态度及筛查实践评估:一项基于社区的研究
【字体: 大 中 小 】 时间:2025年09月19日 来源:Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 1.7
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本研究针对印度奥里萨邦女性乳腺癌认知与筛查实践开展社区横断面调查,发现当地女性对乳腺癌自我检查(BSE)和乳腺X线摄影(mammography)的认知及实践水平普遍较低,筛查参与率受限于意识缺失、医疗资源可及性及社会文化因素。研究强调需加强区域化健康宣教与筛查服务普及,为提升早期诊断率提供关键实证依据。
乳腺癌是全球女性中最常被诊断的癌症,也是癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。据最新全球估计,乳腺癌每年约有230万新病例,在全球所有恶性肿瘤中排名第二。尽管诊断和治疗方法不断进步,但延迟就诊和晚期诊断仍然是重大挑战,尤其在低收入和中等收入国家。在印度,乳腺癌已超过宫颈癌成为女性中最普遍的癌症,其在城市和农村人群中的发病率均呈惊人上升趋势。然而,生存结果显著低于高收入国家,这主要归因于晚期检测、缺乏有组织的筛查计划以及对乳腺癌及其早期预警信号的认知有限。
证据表明,通过定期筛查实践——如乳房自我检查(BSE)、临床乳房检查(CBE)和乳腺X线摄影(mammography)——进行早期检测在降低发病率和提高生存率方面发挥着关键作用。尽管如此,印度女性对这些筛查实践的知识、态度和采纳率仍然相当低,尤其在资源有限的环境中。在印度东部,特别是农村和半城市社区,对乳腺癌的认知差距因社会文化障碍、污名化、财务限制和医疗服务的有限可及性而加剧。了解这些地区女性的知识、观念和筛查实践对于设计有针对性的干预措施以促进早期检测和降低乳腺癌相关死亡率至关重要。
在此背景下,本研究旨在评估印度奥里萨邦Khurdha和Cuttack地区女性对乳腺癌的认知及其筛查采纳行为。研究结果预计将揭示现有的知识差距和行为障碍,从而为制定区域特异性公共卫生策略提供依据,以增强早期检测并改善该人群的乳腺癌结局。
为了开展这项研究,研究人员采用了几项关键技术方法。首先,他们进行了社区为基础的横断面调查,于2021年7月至2022年6月在奥里萨邦Cuttack和Khurda地区的城市和农村环境中收集了1,506名18岁及以上女性的数据。样本量基于现有文献和癌症负担数据计算,最初确定的最小样本量为1,000,但最终扩大到1,506以增强统计精确性和子组分析的稳健性。数据通过预先设计、预先测试的结构化问卷收集,该问卷经过专家小组评估面部和内容效度,并通过涉及70名参与者的试点研究评估了清晰度、可行性和可靠性。问卷的内部一致性通过Cronbach’s alpha评估,系数为0.81,表明良好的可靠性。数据收集由训练有素的研究助理通过面对面访谈进行,使用随机抽样方法选择合格女性,并在获得书面知情同意后纳入研究。数据分析使用SPSS版本23进行,包括描述性统计(如频率、百分比、均值、标准差)和推断统计(如方差分析(ANOVA)、F检验和Pearson卡方检验(χ2)),以评估知识、态度、实践和行为,并识别与癌症认知相关的因素。
研究包括了1,506名来自Khurda和Cuttack地区的女性。近半数参与者年龄在30至49岁之间(n = 730; 48.47%),其次是18至29岁(n = 580; 38.51%)和50岁及以上(n = 296; 19.65%)。大多数参与者已婚或处于关系中(n = 740; 49.14%),而610名(40.50%)为单身。略高比例的参与者居住在城市地区(n = 786; 52.19%), compared to those from rural communities(n = 720; 47.81%)。教育程度 varied among participants:530名(35.19%)完成小学教育,460名(30.54%)有高中教育,326名(21.65%)为毕业生或持有更高学历。较小群体(n = 190; 12.62%)报告没有正规教育。较大家庭规模常见,651名参与者(43.23%)生活在超过五名成员的家庭中。在职业方面,883名女性(58.63%)依赖家庭成员,401名(26.63%)为自雇,222名(14.74%)为受雇。超过半数参与者属于中等收入群体(n = 804; 53.39%),而522名(34.66%)来自低收入家庭。大多数受访者为印度教徒(n = 1,372; 91.10%),较小比例 identified as Muslim(n = 106; 7.04%)或属于其他宗教群体(n = 28; 1.86%)。略过半数参与者(n = 770; 51.13%)属于Other Backward Classes (OBC)类别。
参与者对乳腺癌的认知被发现不足。仅706名参与者(48.32%)听说过乳房自我检查(BSE),且仅430名(28.55%)报告曾实践过。尽管709名参与者(48.53%) aware of mammography,但仅380名(25.23%)实际 underwent the test。当被问及这些实践在早期检测中的作用时,706名(48.32%)相信BSE有帮助,709名(47.08%)承认定期乳腺X线摄影可 aid in early diagnosis。关键保护行为 recognized by participants included increased physical activity, with 1,002 participants(66.53%) believing that it significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer。类似地,饮食实践被广泛认可:612名参与者(40.64%)报告 increased intake of vegetables and fruits provides strong protection,而598名(39.71%) recognized the benefit of limiting fatty food consumption。对BSE的信念有限,仅107名参与者(7.10%) considering it highly protective,而 majority—803(53.32%)—were uncertain。对频繁X射线暴露有害效应的意识相对较好,1,217名参与者(80.81%) recognizing it as a risk factor for breast cancer。
在 socio-demographic groups中观察到乳腺癌知识得分的显著差异。教育程度较高的参与者表现出更好的知识,毕业生显示最高均值得分(M = 1.4347),其次是高中教育者(M = 1.211)、小学教育者(M = 0.967)和无正规教育者(M = 0.890)。婚姻状况也 influenced knowledge levels:已婚女性有均值得分1.262,单身女性得分1.190, both higher than separated(M = 0.344) and widowed participants(M = 0.093)。来自较小家庭的女性表现出更高的知识水平,特别是那些与两名或更少成员同住者(M = 1.392), compared to those in households with 3–5 members(M = 0.947) and those with more than five members(M = 1.142)。职业状况与知识得分显著相关:依赖女性有更高均值得分(M = 1.170) compared to self-employed(M = 1.085) and employed participants(M = 0.997)。社会经济状况也显示与知识的强正相关。高收入群体女性有最高均值得分(M = 1.593), followed by those from middle-income(M = 1.132) and low-income groups(M = 0.953)。
在 socio-demographic factors与乳房自我检查(BSE)实践及乳腺X线摄影采纳之间观察到显著关联。婚姻状况与BSE实践和乳腺X线摄影参与均显著相关。已婚女性(49.72%)和单身女性(47.86%) practiced BSE more frequently compared to separated(5.35%) and widowed participants(9.00%)。类似趋势 observed for mammography, with higher uptake among married(49.73%) and single women(49.84%)。教育程度也与筛查行为显著相关。毕业生报告最高BSE实践率(73.31%)和乳腺X线摄影采纳率(73.32%), whereas women with no formal education had considerably lower rates(43.15% and 43.16%, respectively)。家庭规模 influenced screening behaviour。生活在较小家庭(≤ 2名成员)的女性报告最高BSE实践率和乳腺X线摄影采纳率(both 80.55%), compared to those in larger households。职业状况也显示筛查实践的显著差异。依赖女性报告最高BSE实践水平(59.23%)和乳腺X线摄影采纳率(59.23%), compared to employed and self-employed participants。社会经济状况与筛查行为强相关。高收入群体女性报告最高BSE参与率(91.66%)和乳腺X线摄影采纳率(91.77%), while those from lower-income groups had substantially lower rates。
为最小化选择偏倚,我们的调查采用比例抽样从农村和城市地区确保平等代表。这种平衡方法允许更准确的参与者 socio-demographic profile with respect to breast cancer awareness。值得注意的是, large proportion of women who participated were between the ages of 30 and 49, with many being newly married or in early-stage relationships;49.14% of respondents fell into these categories。这种人口焦点区分了我们的发现与以往研究,其中年轻女性或婚姻早期女性常被 underrepresented。另一个显著发现是单身女性参与乳腺癌意识活动的准备性, with 40.50% expressing a willingness to participate。这种趋势 indicates a growing awareness and proactive attitude among unmarried women—a promising development for future public health interventions targeting early detection and education。
在农村参与方面,47.80% of respondents were from rural areas。虽然以往印度研究 highlighted limited awareness and engagement among rural women,我们的发现 indicate that a notable proportion of women from these areas expressed interest in participating in breast cancer screening。然而,他们的实际参与水平 remains lower than that of their urban counterparts, underscoring the need for targeted interventions in these regions。
这项研究揭示了乳腺癌知识的关键差距, particularly in relation to breast self-examination (BSE) and awareness of mammography。仅48.53% of participants reported being aware of BSE—a simple yet essential method for early detection that can be performed at home。此外, despite government-led screening initiatives,53.94% of women indicated that they had no knowledge of mammography as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer。这些发现与以往研究一致, which similarly reports low levels of awareness about both BSE and mammography among Indian women, especially in rural settings。
alarmingly,71.44% of participants had never performed a BSE, which may contribute to delayed diagnosis and increased breast cancer mortality。这与印度和西方国家进行的其他研究发现一致, which have identified low rates of BSE practice as a leading factor associated with increased breast cancer mortality due to late-stage detection。
仅47.08% of respondents understood the importance of mammography as a tool for early detection of breast cancer。这一发现 indicates a significant knowledge gap that may hinder effective early detection efforts, particularly in regions such as Odisha, where structured awareness programs remain limited。虽然许多现有研究主要关注诊断后行为和治疗依从性,我们的发现 underscore the critical role of pre-diagnostic knowledge—particularly regarding breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography—in supporting effective breast cancer prevention strategies。
这项研究 identified significant differences in breast cancer knowledge across various socio-demographic factors, with p-values less than 0.05。婚姻状况 emerged as a particularly significant variable, with single women demonstrating higher awareness(M = 1.190)。教育是另一个关键决定因素, with women holding graduate-level qualifications exhibiting the highest knowledge scores(M = 1.434)。此外,家庭规模和社会经济状况与知识水平强相关:来自较小家庭和较高收入群体的参与者 showed better awareness, with women from high socioeconomic backgrounds reporting the highest mean score(M = 1.593)。这些发现与以往研究一致;然而,我们研究的平衡农村-城市抽样增强了这些观察的可靠性和普遍性。这种 socio-demographic analysis underscores the importance of developing targeted awareness interventions, particularly in underserved populations, to improve early detection and reduce breast cancer mortality。
我们的发现进一步揭示乳腺癌预防与实践、态度、习惯和信念紧密相关—particularly with respect to BSE and mammography。虽然来自马来西亚、巴基斯坦和印度的研究显示女性常表现出低知识(K)和实践(P)得分,但相对较高的态度(A)得分,我们的研究支持知识与实践之间的正相关。类似结论在土耳其和韩国的研究中得出。尽管对BSE的意识,我们样本中的许多女性仍然不愿意定期执行它, resulting in low practice scores—suggesting an attitude or behavioral barrier。
对乳腺X线摄影的信念也有限:仅27.49% of women under 50 and 33.33% of those over 50 considered mammography protective。这种模式与显示其预防价值有限的其他区域研究发现一致。此外,对激素避孕和激素替代疗法(HRT)作为保护因素的认识 notably low, with only 5.25% of respondents viewing hormonal contraception as beneficial in cancer prevention。
健康生活方式实践也被低估。仅40.64% of respondents understood the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption,35.52% perceived alcohol limitation as protective, and 40.93% recognised smoking cessation as reducing cancer risk。以往研究已经建立饮食和生活习惯显著影响癌症风险和预防,这与我们的发现一致, which demonstrate associations between knowledge scores, lifestyle behaviors, and preventive practices。
人口因素也影响BSE知识和实践率。较高BSE知识 observed among dependent women(59.23%), those in relationships(49.72%), and university graduates(73.31%)。类似地,乳腺X线摄影采纳与较高教育程度、收入和就业状况正相关。这些发现 highlight the urgent need for integrated awareness programs that not only improve knowledge but also address attitudinal and behavioral barriers。定制此类程序以考虑人口差异可能对促进更有效的乳腺癌预防策略至关重要。
结果表明,奥里萨邦女性对筛查实践、态度、习惯和信念 related to breast cancer remains unsatisfactory。大多数参与者报告不执行乳房自我检查和不进行乳腺X线摄影。当被问及不参与乳腺癌筛查的原因时,大多数女性 stated that they had never heard of such tests。其他原因 included the absence of a doctor's referral, the belief that they were too young, or lack of time during the availability of free screening。此外,一些参与者 mentioned that screening facilities were inaccessible or unavailable in their locality。这些障碍 highlight the urgent need for comprehensive awareness campaigns to be implemented at all levels to promote early detection and improve participation in breast cancer screening programs。
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