平菇菌柄膳食调控对猪生长性能、肠道健康与肉质的遗传营养学研究

本研究针对畜禽养殖中抗生素过度使用引发的健康与食品安全问题，探讨了平菇菌柄（PGS）作为农业废弃物资源化利用的新途径。通过系统评价PGS对断奶仔猪和生长育肥猪生长性能、抗氧化、抗炎、短链脂肪酸（SCFA）生成、肠道菌群、肠黏膜屏障功能及肉品质的影响，发现PGS可显著提高平均日增重（ADG）、降低炎症因子IL-6水平、增强黏蛋白MUC1/MUC2表达、改善肌肉pH45 min和滴水损失，为绿色养殖和肉质改良提供重要理论和实践依据。

　　

在当今规模化养殖业中，抗生素的过度使用不仅导致细菌耐药性问题日益严重，还可能通过食物链影响人类健康，同时引发消费者对动物源性食品安全的普遍担忧。寻找安全有效的抗生素替代品已成为畜牧业可持续发展的迫切需求。另一方面，农业副产物的资源化利用也是循环农业的重要课题。平菇菌柄（Pleurotus geesteranus stem, PGS）作为食用菌加工的剩余物质，富含多种生物活性成分，但其在动物生产中的应用潜力尚未得到充分挖掘。

在此背景下，由Ying Ju、Sheng Sun、Shengli Lin、Liling Huang、Xuzhou Liu和Liangliang Qi组成的研究团队开展了一项系统研究，旨在探讨PGS对猪不同生长阶段的多重效益。该研究近期发表于《Canadian Journal of Animal Science》，为农业废弃物的高值化利用和健康养殖提供了新颖视角。

研究人员采用了两阶段试验设计：试验一选取108头断奶仔猪（初始体重7.80±0.41 kg），试验二选用108头生长育肥猪（初始体重76.97±5.91 kg），均随机分为三组，分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）、添加1.5% PGS和3% PGS的试验日粮。通过多指标综合评价体系，研究人员系统分析了PGS对动物生长、健康指标和肉品质的影响。

关键技术方法包括：动物生长性能指标（如平均日增重ADG）测定、血清抗氧化和炎症因子（如IL-6）检测、粪便短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量分析、肠道微生物（如大肠杆菌Escherichia coli）培养计数、肠黏膜黏蛋白（MUC1和MUC2）基因表达检测以及肌肉品质相关参数（pH_{45 min}、滴水损失等）测定。

生长性能与SCFA生成

研究发现，添加PGS显著提高了断奶仔猪的平均日增重（P < 0.05）和粪便总短链脂肪酸含量（P < 0.05），表明PGS可能通过调节肠道发酵过程促进营养吸收和生长。

抗炎与微生物调控

PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 0.05) and fecal Escherichia coli counts (P < 0.05) in piglets. PGS supplementation reduced serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content (P < 极显著降低仔猪血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）含量和粪便大肠杆菌数量，显示其具有良好的抗炎和病原菌抑制作用。

肠道屏障功能

PGS添加显著增强了生长育肥猪回肠黏膜中黏蛋白mucin 1和mucin 2的表达（P < 0.05），说明其能强化肠道物理屏障功能，保护肠道免受病原侵袭。

肉品质改善

在生长育肥阶段，PGS显著降低了背最长肌（LDM）的滴水损失（P < 0.05），提高了pH_{45 min}值（P < 0.05），并下调了LDM中ACC（乙酰辅酶A羧化酶）的表达（P < 0.05），这些变化表明PGS能有效改善猪肉的保水性和酸碱稳定性，提升食用品质。

研究结论表明，平菇菌柄作为一种农业废弃物，可通过多途径改善猪的生长性能、肠道健康和肉品质。其作用机制涉及促进短链脂肪酸生成、调节微生物群落、增强肠道屏障功能、抑制炎症反应以及调控肌肉脂肪代谢相关基因表达。该研究不仅为抗生素替代品开发提供了新选择，也为农业副产物的高值化利用提供了科学依据，对推动畜牧业可持续发展、保障动物性食品安全具有重要意义。