二倍体香蕉基因型对象鼻虫抗性及花粉量的综合分析及其在育种中的应用价值

【字体: 时间:2025年09月26日 来源:Frontiers in Plant Science 4.8

编辑推荐:

  本研究系统评估了九种外源二倍体香蕉基因型在乌干达田间和盆栽条件下对象鼻虫(Cosmopolites sordidus)的抗性表现及花粉产量。结果显示多个基因型(如Saing hil、Pisang gigi buaya等)表现出显著抗虫性,且Saing hil和SH-3142花粉量高达3.4和3.0(4分制),媲美高育性野生对照‘Calcutta 4’。该研究为香蕉抗虫育种提供了关键种质资源和理论依据,推荐Saing hil作为传统育种优良亲本。

  
1 引言
香蕉(Musa spp.)是非洲超过7000万人的重要主食和生计作物,其加工产品包括香蕉片、脆片、果酱、药品及香蕉粉等。在东非,东非高地香蕉(EAHB)三倍体克隆占主导地位,尤其在乌干达,多数家庭依赖EAHB和 dessert banana 保障粮食安全与收入。然而,乌干达香蕉产量从2000年的10吨/公顷/年降至4吨/公顷/年,这一下降归因于非生物和生物胁迫,包括土壤养分耗竭、原始农艺实践、寄生线虫、象鼻虫及病害(如黑叶斑病、镰刀菌枯萎病和香蕉细菌性萎蔫病)。
香蕉象鼻虫(Cosmopolites sordidus Germar)导致40%–60%的产量损失,严重时缩短种植园寿命。其危害主要通过幼虫在球茎内隧道蛀食,为寄生真菌创造入口、干扰根系发育、降低产量并增加植株消失。当前管理措施依赖文化实践(如使用清洁种植材料、系统诱捕成虫和田间卫生)、化学控制(合成杀虫剂和信息素)及生物防治(如蚂蚁和昆虫病原真菌)。但这些干预措施不可持续,增加了小农生产成本,且象鼻虫最终再侵染。
最有前景的管理方法是部署抗性香蕉品种。乌干达国家农业研究组织(NARO)通过国家香蕉研究计划,持续开发和传播高产抗性香蕉杂交种,以补充高度感病的EAHB。多年来,已开发出8个耐象鼻虫的香蕉杂交种(如KABANA 6H至NAROBan6),并推广至农业社区。
抗性主要来源于野生香蕉近缘种、二倍体及通过有意杂交产生的改良二倍体。这些与感病三倍体杂交,以导入目标性状。然而,二倍体香蕉非乌干达本土种,多来源于起源中心或国际香蕉种质转运中心(ITC)。乌干达国家香蕉育种计划从ITC获取二倍体,以整合至育种方案并扩大遗传基础,但这些二倍体的育种价值(如对象鼻虫抗性、农艺表现和花粉可用性)尚不明确。因此,本研究旨在筛选外源香蕉二倍体,确定其对象鼻虫抗性、农艺表现及花粉量,作为常规育种的有用资源。
2 材料与方法
2.1 地点描述
田间和网室实验在乌干达Wakiso区Kawanda的国家农业研究实验室(NARL)研究站进行,海拔1195米,日均温度15–29°C,平均相对湿度76%,年降雨量1189毫米,双峰分布(3–6月和9–12月)。
2.2 实验材料
使用13种香蕉基因型,包括9个从ITC获取的离体增殖组织二倍体(属‘Pisang Jari Buaya’家族,基于报道的线虫抗性选择)和4个参考基因型(从NARL种植园获得)。参考基因型包括抗性对照Calcutta 4和Kayinja,及感病对照Kibuzi和Nakitembe(EAHB克隆)。离体培养苗在田间和网室评估象鼻虫危害。网室实验于2017年10月至2018年4月进行,田间实验于2016年8月至2019年3月进行。
2.3 诱捕、饲养和性别鉴定象鼻虫
象鼻虫用Kibuzi(EAHB)离体球茎在塑料桶中饲养1周,通过下腹节(喙)可见标记鉴定性别。
2.4 实验设计
2.4.1 网室实验
盆栽实验使用10L桶,每株接种6头象鼻虫(3雌3雄)。10种基因型在灭菌壤土、沙和腐熟粪肥(3:1:1)中硬化5个月,采用随机完全区组设计,5重复。60天后终止实验,评估球茎危害: periphery damage(PD)、cross section damage(CSD)和 total damage(TD),按Gold et al. (2005)方法。还记录回收成虫和幼虫数。
2.4.2 田间实验
12种基因型的2月龄硬化苗种植于45cm×45cm穴中,穴内填5kg腐熟粪肥与表土混合物,间距3m×3m。实验采用RCBD设计,5重复,每重复至少4克隆,共240株。边界行种植抗性品种Yangambi KM 5。田间管理包括定期手除草、除吸芽、维持每丛3株和去除老叶。
2.4.2.1 田间实验象鼻虫侵染
种植于象鼻虫热点区,允许持续暴露。种植后9个月,每丛人工接种10头成虫(5雌5雄)以增加密度,傍晚释放避免脱水。
2.5 数据收集
2.5.1 农艺和产量数据
开花时记录 plant height (PH)、plant girth (PG)、number of functional leaves (NFL) 和 height of the tallest sucker (HTS),两个周期。 plant stature 计算为PH/PG。成熟期 measured from flowering to harvest。收获时记录 bunch weight、clusters per bunch、fingers per bunch、finger circumference 和 finger length。
2.5.2 花粉量
仅第一周期评估。从新开放苞片切取8–10花药,按0–4分制评分(0=无花粉,4=花粉丰富如Calcutta 4)。 trained personnel 主观评级。
2.5.3 象鼻虫危害
收获或倒伏后10天内评估。 percentage weevil damage 评分于 periphery 和 cross sections( collar region 和5cm below)。 peripheral damage 表达为球茎表面 damage percentage。 cross-section damage 通过将周长分为4等分(25%), further divided to estimate damage。 total cross-section damage (TXD) 为内外皮层之和。 total damage (TD) 计算为 (PD + TXD)/2。
2.6 数据分析
使用IBM SPSS statistics version 20。 genotype means compared using one-way ANOVA, Games–Howell at P<0.05分离均值。网室实验象鼻虫 damage correlations measured using Spearman’s correlation coefficient。田间和网室实验 damage relationship assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient。
3 结果
3.1 基因型对象鼻虫危害参数的变异性
所有基因型在 periphery、cross section、overall total damage 和 larvae recovered 上表达 highly significant differences (P<0.001),而 adult weevils not significant (P<0.14)。网室实验 mean overall weevil damage 范围12.7%(Calcutta 4)至81.8%(Nakitembe)。EAHB显示最高危害,表明最适口。 generally, periphery more damaged than cross section。所有二倍体 mean overall damage significantly lower than susceptible EAHB control, comparable to Calcutta 4, classified as resistant。田间实验,SH-3142 more damaged and distinguishable from Calcutta 4 and EAHBs, classified as tolerant。感病EAHB记录最高幼虫数(2.6), Huwundu vita(1.5)。 adult weevils recovered less than initially infested number,表明死亡率。网室 damage range 12.7%–81.8%,田间0.2%–17.4%, higher damage in pots attributed to smaller corm size and confined weevils。
田间筛选实验, genotypes Pisang gigi buaya, Pisang rotan, Pisang tunjuk, Morong princessa, Morong datu, Huwundu vita, Saing hil, and Gabah gabah exhibited high resistance similar to Calcutta 4, damage <2。其 overall, cross-sectional, and peripheral damage significantly different from susceptible EAHB, no significant difference from Calcutta 4 and Kayinja。 mean peripheral damage greater than cross-sectional in both experiments。结果 confirmed susceptibility of EAHB and high resistance of all diploids。
3.2 网室实验象鼻虫危害性状的Spearman相关
幼虫数与所有性状 positively and significantly correlated,除 adult weevils non-significant。 highest correlation with larvae recorded for cross-sectional and overall damage (r = 0.46), followed by peripheral damage (r = 0.41)。 lowest for adult weevils (r = 0.12)。 total corm damage positively and significantly correlated with all traits, highest with cross-sectional damage (r = 1.0), lowest with adult weevils (r = 0.3)。
3.3 网室和田间实验象鼻虫危害的Pearson相关分析
多数性状 strongly and positively correlated。田间 cross-sectional damage highly correlated with网室 cross-sectional damage (r = 0.82) and total damage (r = 0.81)。田间 total damage highly correlated with网室 cross-sectional damage (r = 0.74) and total damage (r = 0.72)。 peripheral damage in both experiments recorded low and non-significant correlations。
3.4 基因型开花和收获时生长参数表现
所有农艺性状 significant variations (P < 0.001)。二倍体Saing hil记录最大 plant stature (0.19), followed by Calcutta 4 and Kayinja (0.18), Pisang rotan最低 (0.13)。Saing hil最短成熟期(110天), Calcutta 4最迟(168天)。Kayinja最高 functional leaves (13.6), followed by Saing hil and Morong princessa (10.1), Kibuzi最低 (7.2)。 local EAHB Kibuzi最高 sucker (264.5cm), Calcutta 4最短 (151.2cm)。Pisang rotan无 follower sucker。
三倍体 bunch weight heavier than diploids。Kayinja最重(19.8kg), followed by Kibuzi (14.7kg)。 among ITC diploids,最低 mean bunch weight (5.8kg) for Pisang rotan,最高 (13.5kg) for Pisang gigi buaya。 heavier genotypes generally longer finger lengths (>10cm) and circumferences >8.0cm。Pisang rotan第二高 clusters (9.0)但重量低 (5.4kg), Morong datu仅4.6 clusters但重8.0kg。Morong datu最少 fingers per bunch (80.7), followed by Calcutta 4 (98.8),但重八倍于Calcutta 4。Gabah gabah最高 fingers (170), followed by Kayinja (155.2)。三倍体 clones outperformed all diploids in bunch weight,但所有外源二倍体 performed better than Calcutta 4 in most agronomic and yield traits。
3.5 基因型花粉量表现
overall mean pollen quantity 1.2 ± 0.2,最高 Calcutta 4 (4.0 ± 0.1),最低 Pisang gigi buaya (0.1 ± 0.1)。高花粉量二倍体为Saing hil, Morong datu, and SH-3142, closest to Calcutta 4。其他二倍体 very low pollen quantity (<2), Pisang rotan无花粉。 pollen values below 2 considered too low for use in crossing。
4 讨论
基因型在幼虫数、cross-sectional、peripheral和overall corm damage上的显著差异表明 varying resistance levels to weevil damage。高抗基因型(如Saing hil等)低 damage, comparable to resistant control, distinguishable from susceptible,与Kiggundu et al. (2003a)一致。 reduced damage in resistant genotypes could be due to corm hardness, unpalatability, or antibiosis factors。应整合为抗性基因源。
基于 peripheral and cross-sectional damage,所有二倍体田间抗性, distinguishable from susceptible EAHB。 peripheral damage affects root initiation and development, cross-sectional damage interferes with water, mineral, and food uptake。 strong correlations between periphery and cross section damage suggest using single trait to assess resistance saves time and resources。
幼虫数与 peripheral and cross-sectional damage的正相关表明 larval feeding increased damage in susceptible genotypes。最高幼虫数在感病EAHB,表明 favorable environment for weevil survival and fecundity。
无显著差异在 recovered weevils among genotypes despite variation in damage,与Sadik et al. (2010)和Twesigye et al. (2018)一致,因 weevils tend to hide。 number of weevils recovered does not measure resistance accurately。 nylon net microclimate may affect adult weevils,但不影响 oviposition and fecundity。SH-3142 higher damage in both experiments categorized as intermediate,需进一步评估。
强相关 between field and screen house results imply screen house reliable in predicting field damage。 pot experiments save time and resources, occupy little space, cost-effective for mass screening, less affected by natural calamities。
在香蕉育种,二倍体作为父本,选择基于 pollen attributes。 pollen quantity signifies pollen availability for genetic improvement。Saing hil and SH-3142 high quantities comparable to Calcutta 4。需进一步评估 pollen viability。
基因型 differently in agronomic and yield traits under field conditions。所有二倍体 showed larger bunch sizes, more clusters, greater plant stature, and earlier maturity, within acceptable range of diploid target profile。 good agronomic traits imply adaptability to Ugandan conditions。 plant stature indicates stability and resistance to toppling。 genotypes with large girths and short pseudostems preferred。 early maturity desirable。 number of functional leaves predicts resistance to black Sigatoka and supports photosynthesis。 yield traits such as large fingers, big bunches preferred。 all genotypes had bunches >5kg comparable to Calcutta 4, suggesting high heritability chance。 diploids with multiple desirable traits preferred。
Pisang rotan lacked follower sucker, undesirable trait in breeding。 absence could be genetically related。
number of clusters per bunch does not necessarily reflect bunch size。
5 结论
结合大丛重、大果指、短成熟期、高花粉量、大株高和象鼻虫抗性,二倍体Saing hil应 readily be introgressed into the banana breeding program as the male pedigree。Pisang rotan total damage 0.3, statistically different from Calcutta 4 (0.2)。SH-3142 total damage 2.2, statistically different from Calcutta 4。其他引入二倍体(Pisang gigi buaya, Pisang tunjuk, Morong princessa, Saing hil, Huwundu vita, Morong datu, Gabah gabah) total damage 0.8–1.8, not statistically different from Calcutta 4 and SH-3142。
所有筛选二倍体 recorded excellent agronomic traits,因此 introduced diploids had good weevil resistance traits and can be used as sources of resistance to be introgressed into susceptible EAHBs without greatly affecting agronomic traits。
6 局限
主要局限 two。第一,花粉量数据 subjectivity,可改进通过 pollen-counting methods such as hemocytometer and optical density tools for reproducible results。未来研究应考虑 pollen viability as key indicator of fertility。
第二, absence of non-inoculated controls in pot and field experiments,否则提供 comparable outlook of genotypes in non-weevil-infested conditions。
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